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Freezer or refrigerator? How quickly does human milk spoil?
Freezing destroys some of the immune properties in human milk, so it's best if your baby is given fresh milk--milk that has been expressed and then refrigerated. The chart in Storage Times for Human Milk tells you how long you can keep expressed milk at room temperature, in the refrigerator, or in the freezer. (Print this file and keep it on your refrigerator door!)
Label each container with the date, so that you can use the oldest milk first and avoid needless waste.
How much should I store in each container?
Store your milk in small amounts, about two ounces in each container, at least at first. (If you're pumping milk for a premature baby, you may want to store it in even smaller amounts.) Breastfed babies take smaller amounts of milk at each feeding than do formula-fed infants, and smaller amounts are also quicker to thaw. Milk left in a bottle after a feeding can be saved until the next feeding, but after that it should be discarded, and you don't want to waste expressed milk. Eventually, you may decide to put more milk in each bottle, based on your caregiver's report on how much your baby takes at each feeding.
You can add more milk to already-frozen milk, but cool the added milk in the refrigerator first. There should be less added milk than already-frozen milk.
Always leave about an inch of space at the top of the container to allow for expansion. Just like water for ice cubes, human milk expands when you freeze it. Hard containers will pop open as the milk expands. Bags will break. Squeeze out the air at the top of the bag and fasten it an inch above the milk.
How do I safely store my milk?
How long can I keep the stored milk?
Amazingly, research has found that human milk stored in the refrigerator for eight days actually has lower bacterial levels than freshly expressed milk.
Since human milk can be kept in the refrigerator for up to eight days, it may be possible to provide your baby with fresh, not frozen, milk most of the time. This insures that your baby gets the maximum amount of nutrients and immunities. Instruct your caregiver to use the oldest milk first and keep the supply rotating.
Previously frozen milk can be kept in the refrigerator for 24 hours after thawing. This means that you or the baby's caregiver can thaw milk for all of your baby's feedings at one time, or you can thaw the milk in the refrigerator overnight. This can make it faster to prepare a bottle when your baby is hungry. Milk that has thawed should not be refrozen.
How do I safely transport my milk?
Research shows that bacteria do not grow readily in human milk, and that it can be kept safely at room temperature for 4 to 6 hours or more. So you don't need to worry if you can't rush your milk to the refrigerator right after you express. But it still makes sense to refrigerate the milk as soon as possible and to keep it cool when taking it home or to the sitter's. If you have refrigerator space available at work, you can store your milk there until the workday is over, or use an insulated container with reusable carry-ice to keep it cool.
Heat can destroy human milk's enzymes, immune properties, and other valuable components, so the milk requires gentle care before it is served to baby. Follow these guidelines:
These guidelines are for mothers who are expressing milk for a full-term healthy baby. Use clean containers, and wash your hands with soap and water before expressing. or pumping. When providing milk for a baby who is seriously ill and/or hospitalized, check with healthcare providers for instructions.
| Where stored | Storage temperature (degrees Fahrenheit) | Storage temperature (degrees Centigrade) | How long |
|---|---|---|---|
| At room temperature | 60 degrees F | 15 degrees C | 24 hours |
| At room temperature | 66-72 degrees F | 19-22 degrees C | 10 hours |
| At room temperature | 79 degrees F | 25 degrees C | 4-6 hours |
| In a refrigerator | 32-39 degrees F | 0-4 degrees C | 8 days |
| In a freezer compartment inside a refrigerator | 2 weeks | ||
| In a self-contained freezer unit of a refrigerator | 3-4 months | ||
| In a separate deep freeze with a constant temperature | 0 degrees F | -19 degrees C | 6 months or longer |
| Type of Milk | Save or Dump? | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Milk remaining in the bottle that has been offered to baby | Use for next feeding, otherwise discard. | Bacteria from the baby's mouth may have entered the milk during the feeding. This may lead to bacterial contamination if it sets too long (though as yet there is no research available). |
| Milk that has been thawed | Save in the refrigerator for 24 hours after thawing, then discard. Do not refreeze. | Milk that has been frozen has lost some of the immune properties that inhibit bacterial growth in fresh refrigerated milk. |
| Milk that has been kept in the refrigerator for eight days | Transfer to storage in the freezer, or discard. | Bacterial growth is not a problem, but milk sometimes picks up odors or flavors from the refrigerator or the container. |
